java SPI机制原理

前言

SPI的全名为Service Provider Interface.大多数开发人员可能不熟悉，因为这个是针对厂商或者插件的。在java.util.ServiceLoader的文档里有比较详细的介绍。简单的总结下java spi机制的思想。我们系统里抽象的各个模块，往往有很多不同的实现方案，比如日志模块的方案，xml解析模块、jdbc模块的方案等。面向对象的设计里，我们一般推荐模块之间基于接口编程，模块之间不使用实现类进行硬编码。一旦代码里涉及具体的实现类，就违反了可拔插的原则，如果需要替换一种实现，就需要修改代码。为了实现在模块装配的时候动态指定具体实现类，这就需要一种服务发现机制。 java spi就是提供这种功能的机制：为某个接口寻找服务实现的机制。有点类似IOC的思想，将装配的控制权移到程序之外，在模块化设计中这个机制尤其重要。

工作原理

java spi的具体约定为:当服务的提供者，提供了服务接口的一种实现之后，在jar包的META-INF/services/目录里同时创建一个以服务接口命名的文件。该文件里就是实现该服务接口的具体实现类。而当外部程序装配这个模块的时候，就能通过该jar包META-INF/services/里的配置文件找到具体的实现类名，并装载实例化，完成模块的注入。基于这样一个约定就能很好的找到服务接口的实现类，而不需要再代码里指定。jdk提供服务实现查找的一个工具类：java.util.ServiceLoader。

public final class ServiceLoader<S>
    implements Iterable<S>
{

    private static final String PREFIX = "META-INF/services/";

    // The class or interface representing the service being loaded
    private final Class<S> service;

    // The class loader used to locate, load, and instantiate providers
    private final ClassLoader loader;

    // The access control context taken when the ServiceLoader is created
    private final AccessControlContext acc;

    // Cached providers, in instantiation order
    private LinkedHashMap<String,S> providers = new LinkedHashMap<>();

    // The current lazy-lookup iterator
    private LazyIterator lookupIterator;
    
    private ServiceLoader(Class<S> svc, ClassLoader cl) {
        service = Objects.requireNonNull(svc, "Service interface cannot be null");
        loader = (cl == null) ? ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader() : cl;
        acc = (System.getSecurityManager() != null) ? AccessController.getContext() : null;
        reload();
    }
    
    public void reload() {
        providers.clear();
        lookupIterator = new LazyIterator(service, loader);
    }
    
    public static <S> ServiceLoader<S> load(Class<S> service,
                                            ClassLoader loader)
    {
        return new ServiceLoader<>(service, loader);
    }
    
    private class LazyIterator
        implements Iterator<S>
    {

        Class<S> service;
        ClassLoader loader;
        Enumeration<URL> configs = null;
        Iterator<String> pending = null;
        String nextName = null;

        private LazyIterator(Class<S> service, ClassLoader loader) {
            this.service = service;
            this.loader = loader;
        }

        private boolean hasNextService() {
            if (nextName != null) {
                return true;
            }
            if (configs == null) {
                try {
                    String fullName = PREFIX + service.getName();
                    if (loader == null)
                        configs = ClassLoader.getSystemResources(fullName);
                    else
                        configs = loader.getResources(fullName);
                } catch (IOException x) {
                    fail(service, "Error locating configuration files", x);
                }
            }
            while ((pending == null) || !pending.hasNext()) {
                if (!configs.hasMoreElements()) {
                    return false;
                }
                pending = parse(service, configs.nextElement());
            }
            nextName = pending.next();
            return true;
        }

        private S nextService() {
            if (!hasNextService())
                throw new NoSuchElementException();
            String cn = nextName;
            nextName = null;
            Class<?> c = null;
            try {
                c = Class.forName(cn, false, loader);
            } catch (ClassNotFoundException x) {
                fail(service,
                     "Provider " + cn + " not found");
            }
            if (!service.isAssignableFrom(c)) {
                fail(service,
                     "Provider " + cn  + " not a subtype");
            }
            try {
                S p = service.cast(c.newInstance());
                providers.put(cn, p);
                return p;
            } catch (Throwable x) {
                fail(service,
                     "Provider " + cn + " could not be instantiated",
                     x);
            }
            throw new Error(); // This cannot happen
        }

        public boolean hasNext() {
            if (acc == null) {
                return hasNextService();
            } else {
                PrivilegedAction<Boolean> action = new PrivilegedAction<Boolean>() {
                    public Boolean run() { return hasNextService(); }
                };
                return AccessController.doPrivileged(action, acc);
            }
        }

        public S next() {
            if (acc == null) {
                return nextService();
            } else {
                PrivilegedAction<S> action = new PrivilegedAction<S>() {
                    public S run() { return nextService(); }
                };
                return AccessController.doPrivileged(action, acc);
            }
        }
    }
    
    // 实现Iterator接口，这样就可以支持for(IService service: ServiceLoader){...}
    public Iterator<S> iterator() {
        return new Iterator<S>() {
        Iterator<Map.Entry<String,S>> knownProviders = providers.entrySet().iterator();
            public boolean hasNext() {
                if (knownProviders.hasNext())
                    return true;
                return lookupIterator.hasNext();
            }
            public S next() {
                if (knownProviders.hasNext())
                    return knownProviders.next().getValue();
                return lookupIterator.next(); // 延迟初始化具体实现类
            }
            public void remove() {
                throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
            }
      };
    }
}

上述只是ServiceLoader的部分代码，描述了其是如何加载在classpath下所有jar中的META-INF/services/文件夹下的实现类的过程。

应用场景

1.common-logging
apache最早提供的日志的门面接口。只有接口，没有实现。具体方案由各提供商实现，发现日志提供商是通过扫描 META-INF/services/org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory配置文件，通过读取该文件的内容找到日志提工商实现类。只要我们的日志实现里包含了这个文件，并在文件里指定LogFactory工厂接口的实现类即可。

2.jdbc
jdbc4.0以前，开发人员还需要基于Class.forName(“xxx.Driver”)的方式来装载驱动，jdbc4也基于spi的机制来发现驱动提供商了，可以通过META-INF/services/java.sql.Driver文件里指定实现类的方式来暴露驱动提供者，具体对比《jdbc 操作数据库详解》。

使用案例

下面以mysql jdbc的使用案例来进行说明java spi的具体使用过程。

mysql-connector-java-5.1.34.jar包结构说明：

java.sql.DriverManager部分源码：

public class DriverManager {

    // List of registered JDBC drivers
    private final static CopyOnWriteArrayList<DriverInfo> registeredDrivers = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>();

    /**
     * Load the initial JDBC drivers by checking the System property
     * jdbc.properties and then use the {@code ServiceLoader} mechanism
     */
    static {
        loadInitialDrivers();
        println("JDBC DriverManager initialized");
    }
    
     private static void loadInitialDrivers() {
        String drivers;
        try {
            drivers = AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<String>() {
                public String run() {
                   return System.getProperty("jdbc.drivers");
                }
            });
        } catch (Exception ex) {
            drivers = null;
        }

        AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<Void>() {
            public Void run() {
                // java spi的在jdbc中的具体使用点
                ServiceLoader<Driver> loadedDrivers = ServiceLoader.load(Driver.class);
                Iterator<Driver> driversIterator = loadedDrivers.iterator();

                try{
                    while(driversIterator.hasNext()) {
                       // 巧妙之处：通过迭代加载并初始化jdbc Driver实现类
                       driversIterator.next(); 
                    }
                } catch(Throwable t) {}
                return null;
            }
        });

        println("DriverManager.initialize: jdbc.drivers = " + drivers);

        if (drivers == null || drivers.equals("")) {
            return;
        }
        String[] driversList = drivers.split(":");
        println("number of Drivers:" + driversList.length);
        for (String aDriver : driversList) {
            try {
                println("DriverManager.Initialize: loading " + aDriver);
                Class.forName(aDriver, true, ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader());
            } catch (Exception ex) {
                println("DriverManager.Initialize: load failed: " + ex);
            }
        }
    }
    
    // 将Driver驱动注册到registeredDrivers
    public static synchronized void registerDriver(java.sql.Driver driver)
        throws SQLException {
        registerDriver(driver, null);
    }
    public static synchronized void registerDriver(java.sql.Driver driver,
            DriverAction da)
        throws SQLException {
        /* Register the driver if it has not already been added to our list */
        if(driver != null) {
            registeredDrivers.addIfAbsent(new DriverInfo(driver, da));
        } else {
            // This is for compatibility with the original DriverManager
            throw new NullPointerException();
        }
        println("registerDriver: " + driver);
    }
    
    
    // 获取具体的jdbc connect
    private static Connection getConnection(
        String url, java.util.Properties info, Class<?> caller) throws SQLException {
        ClassLoader callerCL = caller != null ? caller.getClassLoader() : null;
        synchronized(DriverManager.class) {
            if (callerCL == null) {
                callerCL = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader();
            }
        }
        if(url == null) {
            throw new SQLException("The url cannot be null", "08001");
        }
        SQLException reason = null;
        if(isDriverAllowed(aDriver.driver, callerCL)) {
            try {
                // 巧妙之处：遍历所有Driver驱动，如果指定的url符合
                // boolean acceptsURL(String url) throws SQLException;
                // 如果url符合设定的规则即创建connect，通过这样的方式来匹配具体的Driver
                Connection con = aDriver.driver.connect(url, info);
                if (con != null) {
                    // Success!
                    println("getConnection returning " + aDriver.driver.getClass().getName());
                    return (con);
                }
            } catch (SQLException ex) {
                if (reason == null) {
                    reason = ex;
                }
            }
        } else {
            println("skipping: " + aDriver.getClass().getName());
        }
        // if we got here nobody could connect.
        if (reason != null)    {
            println("getConnection failed: " + reason);
            throw reason;
        }
        println("getConnection: no suitable driver found for "+ url);
        throw new SQLException("No suitable driver found for "+ url, "08001");
    }

com.mysql.jdbc.Driver源码：

package com.mysql.jdbc;

import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.SQLException;

public class Driver extends NonRegisteringDriver
  implements java.sql.Driver
{
  public Driver() throws SQLException{}

  // 加载com.mysql.jdbc.Driver时，静态语句块初始化，向DriverManager注册mysql驱动
  static {
    try {
      DriverManager.registerDriver(new Driver());
    } catch (SQLException E) {
      throw new RuntimeException("Can't register driver!");
    }
  }
}

前言

工作原理

应用场景

使用案例

参考链接